What do you understand by the concept and meaning of public personnel administration, describe its main functions?
Answer:
Administration is essential everywhere in a family and institution, either in public or in the private sector. It is a continuous process, to achieve the goal and objectives of the organization. The organization is to be established for the finite purpose, and it has to be needs of physical, human and financial resources to fulfill its goal and objectives. It is a part of management, where planning, organizing, controlling and directing are the essential components to run the institution efficiently. To run those elements efficiently in an institution there is need an efficient and dynamic leader. The human resource is an important component among them, which is sentimental and demanded in each and every aspects motivation and incentives.
Different scholars have defined differently about public personnel administration. Among them the definition given by JD Dunn and Ec Stephens is as follows " The personnel management is the process of attracting, holding and motivating people involving all managers." The relation between personnel's and the organization should be cordial for the achievement of the organizational goal and objectives. The human factor is a sensitive factor in compare to others, so this element should mobilize properly. The personnel administration depends upon the success of the government and the development of the country. Because, it this mechanism is being weak, the formulated policies of the government do not properly implemented. The executive level of the organization has more responsibility for the formulation policies, properly execution of those policies, coordination between related agencies and the staffs of the organization. But the lower class staffs have no such great responsibility which he has to perform his given functions and duties by the authority.
The personnel administration is directly related with management. It is a continuous process that the change is universe. To make efficient and timely changed administration means the efficient, qualitable, effective and committed services provide to the public. It should always center to the citizens. The important elements, which are essential to the management part that are also similarly important aspects in the personnel administration. The planning of the organization as per goals and objectives should formulate and organizational structure also plays the vital role in an organization. The controlling aspect is another element of the organization, which plays the role for the fulfillment of the objectives of the organization. The directing part is another essence of the organization which related on the aspect of motivate to the personnel.
The public personnel system, when and how started in the world and which country is the pioneer on this aspect, we cannot say definitely. But with the time change of civilization in the world, in any form of administration was exist in all countries of the world. Never the less, the first administrative system was initiated on the literature and moral ethics of Hamurabi's Babilone and the latter Chinese experts had developed the division of labor in the factory labor in 16th century. The contribution of British scholars like J S mill, Charls Owans etc. has the great contribution in this aspect in the early 19th century. After the time change so many views have appeared in this aspect. The higher authority should involve to the personnel in the decision making process. The recruitment, placement, transfer, promotion and carrier development are the direct concern of public personnel administration. The human factor is the most important factor in an organization so that we have to have careful in this part.
Functions of public personnel administration
1. Job and rank classification is one of the functions of PPA and it has owns importance which plays vital role for to the job effectively and effectiveness in an institution.
2. Recruitment and selection is one of the functions of PPA. The selection process and procedures should be democratic, whether the selected personnel would be capable as required of an institution.
3. The remuneration is one of the vital factors of motivation, from which the personnel are attractive to the job and it creates the eagerness and creativity of the staffs.
4. Training and skills is one of the ingredients of the personnel in an institution, which makes the efficiency on the job.
5. The institution is a house of several people, which they come from different environment for the achievement of the institution's common goal, is essential to coordinate all by the authority.
6. The public relation is one of the mottos of an organization. The organization should always aware of the public relation and the higher authority should manage the system of public relation.
7. The public administration is a dynamic process which always seeking with the change in economic, social, and political as well as the international changes affects to the development of personnel administration. On the other part people have higher expectation on their wants so that the public administration should fulfill their wants. So the reform in administration as of the time demanded is one of the functions of public administration.
8. Record keeping is also one of the functions of public personnel administration. The central agency should keep the up to date record of personnel on recruitment, posting, transfer, promotion and retirement.
9. The public personnel should provide on the formulation of policies to the government. Though the formulation of policies on different aspects is the prime function of politicians, but the personnel have the expertise on the particular matters so he/ she could contribute for the formulation on different policies and execution. This is also one of the important functions of personnel administration.
10. The human resource planning is one of the functions of personnel administration. It has several functions that it has to perform. The human resource planning has vital role in the personnel administration.
11. At last but not in lest monitoring and evaluation of the functions has great importance in the public personnel administration.
Conclusion
The government of any country has wide functions, as of the requirement of the people. There are several plans and policies have formulated by the government for the well being of the nationals. The means of the implementation of the plans and policies are through the public personnel. So the administration should be efficient, committed, prompt services provide to the people and timely perform his/her duties. The development of the country depends on the quality service of the government personnel. So it has to be changeable as required by time.
Wednesday, 4 July 2007
What do you understand by the concept and meaning of public personnel administration? describe its main functions
Question: What do you mean by fiscal policy? Design fiscal policy to promote economic development of a country like Nepal.
Question: What do you mean by fiscal policy? Design fiscal policy to promote economic development of a country like Nepal.
Answer:
Challenges of development administration:
The developing countries are facing several problems for sustainable development. The main issues are as follows:
1. Geographical situation: - Most of the UDC’s have difficult geographical situation, some have deserted land, some are land locked and some are divided by many tiny islands and so on. These and many others are difficulties in balanced development.
2. Another vital problem of the underdeveloped countries is the high growth rate of population. The total population of the world is divided into 80% in UDC’s and 20% in developed countries. The economic growth rate is less than the population growth rate in UDC’s, which is negative for the development.
3. Political instability:-Due to the various causes such as instability of the government, policies and programs, the path of development is interpreted time to time along with the change of a government.
4. Foreign intervention:-The development budgets of most of the UDC’s are dependent on foreign aids, grants and loans. These may be bilateral or multilateral. They try to impose their policies to the receiver countries. The foreign hegemony affects the development efforts of the receiver countries.
5. Inefficiency in administration:-This is the common problem of the UDC’s , which affects the efficiency of the development activities. Corrupt mentality, irresponsibility and unaccountability etc. Various administrative inefficiency is prevailing in the UDC’s. Violation of the rules and regulations in the working institution, lengthy process in decision-making has contributed to the defective administration in underdeveloped countries.
6. Limitations of economic resources:-The underdeveloped countries are always seeking help from the lack of economic resources. Unavailability of raw materials, technical manpower and unscientific use of resources are major hindrances in the development processes.
7. New tests in development:- Rural development module, integrated development, poverty reduction, women development etc. have been tested as development models. The developed countries have tested development models in underdeveloped and developing countries.
8. Lack of coordination:-This is another problem of underdeveloped countries. Vertical and horizontal coordination within the country and outside is disturbing the smooth development of the country.
9. Brain draining:- Most of talents, scholars, and energetic persons have brain draining to the developed countries due to the attractive facilities in the developed countries.
There are so many other factors that they may hinder the balanced development of the country. The economic growth rates, savings of the people, investment in the productive sectors are the considerable factors of the development.
Conclusion:- The ultimate goal of the development administration is to develop in economic, social development in a sustainable manner. The efficient, committed and goal well as result oriented administration ensures good governance to the people, which should be the center of the development.
Answer:
Challenges of development administration:
The developing countries are facing several problems for sustainable development. The main issues are as follows:
1. Geographical situation: - Most of the UDC’s have difficult geographical situation, some have deserted land, some are land locked and some are divided by many tiny islands and so on. These and many others are difficulties in balanced development.
2. Another vital problem of the underdeveloped countries is the high growth rate of population. The total population of the world is divided into 80% in UDC’s and 20% in developed countries. The economic growth rate is less than the population growth rate in UDC’s, which is negative for the development.
3. Political instability:-Due to the various causes such as instability of the government, policies and programs, the path of development is interpreted time to time along with the change of a government.
4. Foreign intervention:-The development budgets of most of the UDC’s are dependent on foreign aids, grants and loans. These may be bilateral or multilateral. They try to impose their policies to the receiver countries. The foreign hegemony affects the development efforts of the receiver countries.
5. Inefficiency in administration:-This is the common problem of the UDC’s , which affects the efficiency of the development activities. Corrupt mentality, irresponsibility and unaccountability etc. Various administrative inefficiency is prevailing in the UDC’s. Violation of the rules and regulations in the working institution, lengthy process in decision-making has contributed to the defective administration in underdeveloped countries.
6. Limitations of economic resources:-The underdeveloped countries are always seeking help from the lack of economic resources. Unavailability of raw materials, technical manpower and unscientific use of resources are major hindrances in the development processes.
7. New tests in development:- Rural development module, integrated development, poverty reduction, women development etc. have been tested as development models. The developed countries have tested development models in underdeveloped and developing countries.
8. Lack of coordination:-This is another problem of underdeveloped countries. Vertical and horizontal coordination within the country and outside is disturbing the smooth development of the country.
9. Brain draining:- Most of talents, scholars, and energetic persons have brain draining to the developed countries due to the attractive facilities in the developed countries.
There are so many other factors that they may hinder the balanced development of the country. The economic growth rates, savings of the people, investment in the productive sectors are the considerable factors of the development.
Conclusion:- The ultimate goal of the development administration is to develop in economic, social development in a sustainable manner. The efficient, committed and goal well as result oriented administration ensures good governance to the people, which should be the center of the development.
Question: What is development Administration? Critically examine its relevancy in developing countries like Nepal.
The developing administration is concerned with the development of a country's economy and the society. This is connected with the positive change of the society in overall aspects for their betterment. The development always centered on human beings or on broader sense we can say should address to the living creature. Nature, living creatures and human beings are closely related with each other. So the system of development administration depends on the socio-economic system prevailing in the country, which in turn depends on socio-economic factors.
In the view of John Montgomery: "Development administration is one which carries out planned change in the economy, in agriculture, industry or the capital infrastructure supporting either of these and to a lesser extent in the social services of the state, especially education and public health."
The above definition in summary we grasp out that the development administration has the appropriate planning and policy for the change and for the betterment on overall aspects of human concern. The state has the responsibility to change the society in a democratic way for the development of its economy and society through empowerment. This is a new phenomenon which is the emerge of globalization.
Development administration is a wing among various aspects of general administration. It is difficult to distinguish from general administration with development administration. But both are not similar in nature but both have close correlation. The developmental roles of public administration are as follows:
1. The role of development administration is to create institutional building for sustainable promotion like industrial, agricultural development, creation of different organizations and institutions for economic uplift and social and environmental development.
2. The manpower planning is essential for the effective implementation of national development plan and policies. This is the concern of development administration.
3. The role of human development would involve changes in the very attitudes and temperament of technical civilization.
4. Development administration conduct by the central loan and grant and central level formulates the policy and controls the programs and projects.
5. The key functions are running in both development and general administration.
6. In all branches of administration there is a need to coordinate with each other. Both the branches have essential elements of hierarchy.
Areas of development administration:
The field of development administration may also be thought of the following areas included:
Extension and Community services
Program management
Area development
Urban and rural administration
Personal development and administration
Economic development
Environment protection
The scholar of development administration Edward Weidner says-"Development administration is directly concerned with goal oriented and functional .The following are the characteristics of the development administration:
· It is change oriented.
· Result oriented.
· It has commitment.
· It is client oriented.
· It has temporal dimension
The scholar Hahn Been Lee has expressed his view on development administration with attributes with the following points:
1. Knowledge (I)
2. Skill (S)
3. Value and attributes (V)
4. Philosophy and standards (E)
(I+S+V+E)
The development is the essential factor of the people; this is due to the cause of emitating of others in wards and outwards as well as the requirement of necessities of the people. So the development has become a major focus of administrative activity in the country today. The development has the wide range of scope, which has touch in all aspects of human life. This is being a continuous process and the change of life there may occur some problems in implementation and some may define the terms of development. It may differ time to time and place to place and some time situational. The major scopes of development administration are as follows.
1. It is directly related with the democracy and development. The policies related to the development should formulate in the context of the country's economic, political and social situation.
2. The role of government has been expanding day by day, due to the cause of the high expectation of the people. The government could not able to meet the growing need of the people. So the recent global trend has been developed privatization of the government owned institutions handover to the private sector and the partnership for development with NGO's.
3. The socio-economic and political infrastructure should be expended for the development of the country.
4. The research activities should conduct for the effective implementation of the development activities. It reflects the way-out of the developmental activities to effectively run.
The functions of development administration are as follows.
1. Formulation of developmental goals and policies.
2. Program formulation and program/ project management.
3. Reorganization of administrative structures and procedures.
4. Evaluation of results.
5. Ensuring people's participation in the development effort.
6. Promoting growth of social and political infrastructure.
Development administration in the context of under developed countries.
The development is essential to all type of countries and countrymen. But the urgent need is for the developing countries. Having this in mind a series of efforts has been done by established multilateral agencies for cooperation to LDC's and practices has been experimented in those countries. But the expected results have not reflected as required. The under-developed countries have the following characteristics in which Nepal is also included.
1.Most of the underdeveloped countries have heterogeneous society and institution, which are primitive, diversified and underdeveloped.
2. Overlapping in development activities and people show no concern on development. This is due to the cause of illiteracy, undeveloped infrastructures; various development agencies are working in the same sector and geographical areas, etc.
3. Formalization: -This is one of the characteristics of underdeveloped countries in development administration. The bureaucrats follow the rules and regulations, lengthy procedures and formalities by which the needy people could not get services in time.
4. Non-realization of development effort: There may be done efforts by planners for the nation building and the bureaucrats have made efforts for effective implementation. But due to the lack of resources, may occur hindrances in the execution of the plan and policies. The people's participation is not available in time and in required qualities and quantities. This is the common characteristic of the UDC's.
5. Problem of paradoxes: - The unstable government in underdeveloped countries brings hindrances for the speed of development. In such countries the bureaucracy is weak. So, the development an effort does not get as expected output of the development.
Challenges of development administration:
The developing countries are facing several problems for sustainable development. The main issues are as follows:
1. Geographical situation:- Most of the UDC’s have difficult geographical situation, some have deserted land, some are land locked and some are divided by many tiny islands and so on. These and many others are difficulties in balanced development.
2. Another vital problem of the UDC’s is the high growth rate of population. The total population of the world is divided into 80% in UDC’s and 20% in developed countries. The economic growth rate is less than the population growth rate in UDC’s, which is negative for the development.
3. Political instability: -Due to the various causes such as instability of the government, policies and programs, the path of development is interpreted time to time along with the change of a government.
4. Foreign intervention:-The development budgets of most of the UDC’s are dependent on foreign aids, grants and loans. These may be bilateral or multilateral. They try to impose their policies to the receiver countries. The foreign hegemony affects the development efforts of the receiver countries.
5. Inefficiency in administration:-This is the common problem of the UDC’s , which affects the efficiency of the development activities. Corrupt mentality, irresponsibility and unaccountability etc. are different administrative inefficiency prevalent in the UDC’s. Violation of the rules and regulations in the working institution, lengthy process in decision-making has contributed to the defective administration in underdeveloped countries.
6. Limitations of economic resources: -The underdeveloped countries are always seeking help from the lack of economic resources. Unavailability of raw materials, technical manpower and unscientific use of resources are major hindrances in the development processes.
7. New tests in development:- Rural development module, integrated development, poverty reduction, women development etc. have been tested as development models. The developed countries have tested development models in underdeveloped and developing countries.
8. Lack of coordination:-This is another problem of underdeveloped countries. Vertical and horizontal coordination within the country and outside is disturbing the smooth development of the country.
9. Brain draining:- Most of talents, scholars, and energetic persons have brain draining to the developed countries due to the attractive facilities in the developed countries.
There are so many other factors that they may hinder the balanced development of the country. The economic growth rates, savings of the people, investment in the productive sectors are the considerable factors of the development.
Conclusion:- The ultimate goal of the development administration is to develop in economic, social development in a sustainable manner. The efficient, committed, and goal and result oriented administration ensures good governance to the people which are the center of the development.
In the view of John Montgomery: "Development administration is one which carries out planned change in the economy, in agriculture, industry or the capital infrastructure supporting either of these and to a lesser extent in the social services of the state, especially education and public health."
The above definition in summary we grasp out that the development administration has the appropriate planning and policy for the change and for the betterment on overall aspects of human concern. The state has the responsibility to change the society in a democratic way for the development of its economy and society through empowerment. This is a new phenomenon which is the emerge of globalization.
Development administration is a wing among various aspects of general administration. It is difficult to distinguish from general administration with development administration. But both are not similar in nature but both have close correlation. The developmental roles of public administration are as follows:
1. The role of development administration is to create institutional building for sustainable promotion like industrial, agricultural development, creation of different organizations and institutions for economic uplift and social and environmental development.
2. The manpower planning is essential for the effective implementation of national development plan and policies. This is the concern of development administration.
3. The role of human development would involve changes in the very attitudes and temperament of technical civilization.
4. Development administration conduct by the central loan and grant and central level formulates the policy and controls the programs and projects.
5. The key functions are running in both development and general administration.
6. In all branches of administration there is a need to coordinate with each other. Both the branches have essential elements of hierarchy.
Areas of development administration:
The field of development administration may also be thought of the following areas included:
Extension and Community services
Program management
Area development
Urban and rural administration
Personal development and administration
Economic development
Environment protection
The scholar of development administration Edward Weidner says-"Development administration is directly concerned with goal oriented and functional .The following are the characteristics of the development administration:
· It is change oriented.
· Result oriented.
· It has commitment.
· It is client oriented.
· It has temporal dimension
The scholar Hahn Been Lee has expressed his view on development administration with attributes with the following points:
1. Knowledge (I)
2. Skill (S)
3. Value and attributes (V)
4. Philosophy and standards (E)
(I+S+V+E)
The development is the essential factor of the people; this is due to the cause of emitating of others in wards and outwards as well as the requirement of necessities of the people. So the development has become a major focus of administrative activity in the country today. The development has the wide range of scope, which has touch in all aspects of human life. This is being a continuous process and the change of life there may occur some problems in implementation and some may define the terms of development. It may differ time to time and place to place and some time situational. The major scopes of development administration are as follows.
1. It is directly related with the democracy and development. The policies related to the development should formulate in the context of the country's economic, political and social situation.
2. The role of government has been expanding day by day, due to the cause of the high expectation of the people. The government could not able to meet the growing need of the people. So the recent global trend has been developed privatization of the government owned institutions handover to the private sector and the partnership for development with NGO's.
3. The socio-economic and political infrastructure should be expended for the development of the country.
4. The research activities should conduct for the effective implementation of the development activities. It reflects the way-out of the developmental activities to effectively run.
The functions of development administration are as follows.
1. Formulation of developmental goals and policies.
2. Program formulation and program/ project management.
3. Reorganization of administrative structures and procedures.
4. Evaluation of results.
5. Ensuring people's participation in the development effort.
6. Promoting growth of social and political infrastructure.
Development administration in the context of under developed countries.
The development is essential to all type of countries and countrymen. But the urgent need is for the developing countries. Having this in mind a series of efforts has been done by established multilateral agencies for cooperation to LDC's and practices has been experimented in those countries. But the expected results have not reflected as required. The under-developed countries have the following characteristics in which Nepal is also included.
1.Most of the underdeveloped countries have heterogeneous society and institution, which are primitive, diversified and underdeveloped.
2. Overlapping in development activities and people show no concern on development. This is due to the cause of illiteracy, undeveloped infrastructures; various development agencies are working in the same sector and geographical areas, etc.
3. Formalization: -This is one of the characteristics of underdeveloped countries in development administration. The bureaucrats follow the rules and regulations, lengthy procedures and formalities by which the needy people could not get services in time.
4. Non-realization of development effort: There may be done efforts by planners for the nation building and the bureaucrats have made efforts for effective implementation. But due to the lack of resources, may occur hindrances in the execution of the plan and policies. The people's participation is not available in time and in required qualities and quantities. This is the common characteristic of the UDC's.
5. Problem of paradoxes: - The unstable government in underdeveloped countries brings hindrances for the speed of development. In such countries the bureaucracy is weak. So, the development an effort does not get as expected output of the development.
Challenges of development administration:
The developing countries are facing several problems for sustainable development. The main issues are as follows:
1. Geographical situation:- Most of the UDC’s have difficult geographical situation, some have deserted land, some are land locked and some are divided by many tiny islands and so on. These and many others are difficulties in balanced development.
2. Another vital problem of the UDC’s is the high growth rate of population. The total population of the world is divided into 80% in UDC’s and 20% in developed countries. The economic growth rate is less than the population growth rate in UDC’s, which is negative for the development.
3. Political instability: -Due to the various causes such as instability of the government, policies and programs, the path of development is interpreted time to time along with the change of a government.
4. Foreign intervention:-The development budgets of most of the UDC’s are dependent on foreign aids, grants and loans. These may be bilateral or multilateral. They try to impose their policies to the receiver countries. The foreign hegemony affects the development efforts of the receiver countries.
5. Inefficiency in administration:-This is the common problem of the UDC’s , which affects the efficiency of the development activities. Corrupt mentality, irresponsibility and unaccountability etc. are different administrative inefficiency prevalent in the UDC’s. Violation of the rules and regulations in the working institution, lengthy process in decision-making has contributed to the defective administration in underdeveloped countries.
6. Limitations of economic resources: -The underdeveloped countries are always seeking help from the lack of economic resources. Unavailability of raw materials, technical manpower and unscientific use of resources are major hindrances in the development processes.
7. New tests in development:- Rural development module, integrated development, poverty reduction, women development etc. have been tested as development models. The developed countries have tested development models in underdeveloped and developing countries.
8. Lack of coordination:-This is another problem of underdeveloped countries. Vertical and horizontal coordination within the country and outside is disturbing the smooth development of the country.
9. Brain draining:- Most of talents, scholars, and energetic persons have brain draining to the developed countries due to the attractive facilities in the developed countries.
There are so many other factors that they may hinder the balanced development of the country. The economic growth rates, savings of the people, investment in the productive sectors are the considerable factors of the development.
Conclusion:- The ultimate goal of the development administration is to develop in economic, social development in a sustainable manner. The efficient, committed, and goal and result oriented administration ensures good governance to the people which are the center of the development.
Situation Analysis of Children Because of Conflict
1. Background
Nepal has been gripped by a brutal internal armed conflict between the security forces and Communist Party of Nepal (CPN, Maoist) rebels for the last nine years, during which more than 13,000 people have died. Nepal’s civilians are caught between the two sides and are experiencing extreme violence and hardship. While the violence is affecting all sections of society, Nepali children are being impacted particularly harshly and in very specific ways.The most fundamental rights of children, provided by general human rights treaties and particularly by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), as well as by international humanitarian law treaties and rules of customary international law, have been violated. Children are being killed deliberately or in indiscriminate attacks, illegally detained, tortured, raped, abducted and recruited for military activities.
Child trafficking has become a serious problem due to conflict since a decade in Nepal. Trafficking is illegal and forceful migration for any purpose, especially intolerable forms of labor. Many of the cases in Nepal has found for the purpose of sexual exploitation. However, factual and true data are not available in Nepal about child trafficking. Most key informants note that trafficking is related to child vulnerability exacerbated by deprivation from education. Growing effect of consumerism on children’s life exposure to modern culture through the desire to earn. No single reason appears to explain the roof cause of trafficking in Nepal. It differs from one locality to another, one culture to another, one family to another and one individual to another. It can be argued that the exploitations for trafficking is apprehended in a poverty plus mapping which incorporates the dynamics of economic , social, cultural, demographic and political factors at individual level to family , community and national level. Child education, growing consumerism and peer pressure are the basic cause of child trafficking. However, vulnerability situation comes because of- fragile family situation, poverty and very low income, children not enrolled in school, sister or brother already trafficked, illness among parents, wrong perceptions about the destinations reproduced through trafficking networks, anecdotal evidence of school teachers, abuse school teachers, neighbors children already trafficked, no employment opportunity for adolescents, victory to roads leading to urban areas or to trade routes to India. There is a need to a study to understand the modality of trafficking, external and internal by conflict and to find out the situation whether conflict has an induced trafficking.
2. Objective of the Study
The broad objectives mentioned in the TOR are:
to understand the modality of trafficking, external and internal by conflict.
to find out the situation whether conflict has an induced trafficking.
Specifically, the study will be devoted to find out the following of trafficked children:
to find out the health situation;
to find out the education situation;
to identify the trafficked child by ethnic/cast groups;
to identify the family relation situation;
to identify the economic situation of the trafficked children and their family;
to identify in which broader more serious trafficking is exist;
to identify the cause of trafficking, and identify how the conflict has played role on trafficking;
to identify and compare the vulnerable age- groups and sex in trafficking;
to identify the Recovery and Reintegration options for the trafficked child.
to identify the awareness of implementation situation of minimum standard of shelter homes.
3 Methodology of the Study
This study will be concerned with the study on consequences due to conflict on child, especially on child trafficking. The major assessment of this research will be were as follows:
Research Design: ‘Descriptive Survey Type Method’ will be adopted to conduct this research for convenience. Using this method, more items can be asked and more flexible but factual information can be gathered.
Population of the study: All the children who are trafficked or vulnerable on trafficking will be the population of the study.
Sample of the study: For the research, thirty trafficked children will be interviewed in each transit points or transit point located districts. Among them 20 will be girls and 10 will be boys. At least seventy percentages of sample child groups will be less than 15 years. As far as possible problem will be identified in inclusive way. One interview will be taken with police officer to query about the trafficking situation, cause and effect in transit point located districts. Five interviews will be taken with women cell or local clubs or NGOs or social workers or caregivers who are quite aware about the child trafficking in each transit points.
Instrument: The research team will develop questionnaire, regarded as the main tool of this study. The questionnaire will be constructed after the detailed study of related literature such as articles, documents, books, thesis related to child trafficking, and different legislation, rules, act related to children. The questionnaire will include items relating to the child trafficking, its cause, children’s family background educational status, caste/ethnic groups and so forth. The questionnaires will be developed in such a way that the cause of child trafficking could be identified easily. Such as, due to poor economic background, family problem, disruptions in family like alcoholism, cultural problems, or being of lower cast.
Validation of instrument: Before finalizing the instrument, the items will be piloting on any of the three transit points, 3 police officers, 3 currently acting groups or NGOs against the race of child trafficking eg Maiti-Nepal, CWIN, ABC-Nepal. Result of the pilot study will be analyzed and if necessary structured questionnaire and structured interview will be modified. One or two training will be given to the enumerators prior to the departure for the study. Enumerator team will be quite aware about the structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, structured-and semi-structured questionnaires model. A guideline will be developed to conduct case studies and dealing ideas with different people in the field.
Data collection procedure: While collecting data number and ratios of trafficked children will be recorded so that believable extrapolation is feasible. In depth scenario of trafficking situation in mentioned nine transit points will be identified. To meet this goal, structured questionnaire will be distributed to the individual at transit points and requested to fill for the questionnaire. To fill the questionnaires a purposive person will be chosen so that s/he is reasonably aware about the cause of child trafficking and the data can be gathered in factual way. For this talk about children, trafficking will be carried out with him/her before requesting to fill questionnaire. If need five days can be provided to fill the questionnaire. Beside questionnaire, optimum discussion, and unstructured interviews will also be taken. If children are literate and have more than primary education they also will provide to fill questionnaires. Otherwise, they will be interviewed in un-structured way. Structured interviews will be taken from police officers, social workers, different NGOs who are working against children trafficking or quite aware on this.
Data Analysis procedure for structured individual questionnaire: The obtained data will be analyzed and interpreted with the help of following statistical techniques:
Mean weightage will be used to locate the central position of the responses to the statements of problems as a whole in the rating scale. The average mean weightage is calculated as follows:
Mean weightage = Total Rank Score of a statement
No. of individual responses
The questionnaire consisting of 15 items to the various causes for the children trafficking. The areas of problems will be of different background for the children trafficking. Specifically, the questionnaire will be divided into five sections. The first section of the questionnaire will consist of the items related to the personal bio-data such as name, address, age, gender, education, family background, number of members in family, occupation of the family. The next will be the cause of trafficking. The cause of trafficking will be divided in to economic causes, cultural causes, and ethnic/cast related causes. The next will be what s/he doing or have to do after trafficking, that mean how s/he is passing time. The next will be what she wants from government, civil society, and peoples to do with him/her. Each statement will be studied in terms of reason for the children trafficking. The statistical device of t-test will be applied to find out whether the trafficking is because of conflict or by other reason. The differences will tested at the 5 % level of significance, i.e. α = 0.05
Statistical data analysis software SPSS will be adopted for the analysis of data.
Data managements and Analysis for Case Studies: Tape record version of data will be transcript. Translation in to English of the recorded version after expansion of the recorded noted will be carried out. ATLAS-TI computer software package will be used for the computer analysis of translated data.
Nepal has been gripped by a brutal internal armed conflict between the security forces and Communist Party of Nepal (CPN, Maoist) rebels for the last nine years, during which more than 13,000 people have died. Nepal’s civilians are caught between the two sides and are experiencing extreme violence and hardship. While the violence is affecting all sections of society, Nepali children are being impacted particularly harshly and in very specific ways.The most fundamental rights of children, provided by general human rights treaties and particularly by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), as well as by international humanitarian law treaties and rules of customary international law, have been violated. Children are being killed deliberately or in indiscriminate attacks, illegally detained, tortured, raped, abducted and recruited for military activities.
Child trafficking has become a serious problem due to conflict since a decade in Nepal. Trafficking is illegal and forceful migration for any purpose, especially intolerable forms of labor. Many of the cases in Nepal has found for the purpose of sexual exploitation. However, factual and true data are not available in Nepal about child trafficking. Most key informants note that trafficking is related to child vulnerability exacerbated by deprivation from education. Growing effect of consumerism on children’s life exposure to modern culture through the desire to earn. No single reason appears to explain the roof cause of trafficking in Nepal. It differs from one locality to another, one culture to another, one family to another and one individual to another. It can be argued that the exploitations for trafficking is apprehended in a poverty plus mapping which incorporates the dynamics of economic , social, cultural, demographic and political factors at individual level to family , community and national level. Child education, growing consumerism and peer pressure are the basic cause of child trafficking. However, vulnerability situation comes because of- fragile family situation, poverty and very low income, children not enrolled in school, sister or brother already trafficked, illness among parents, wrong perceptions about the destinations reproduced through trafficking networks, anecdotal evidence of school teachers, abuse school teachers, neighbors children already trafficked, no employment opportunity for adolescents, victory to roads leading to urban areas or to trade routes to India. There is a need to a study to understand the modality of trafficking, external and internal by conflict and to find out the situation whether conflict has an induced trafficking.
2. Objective of the Study
The broad objectives mentioned in the TOR are:
to understand the modality of trafficking, external and internal by conflict.
to find out the situation whether conflict has an induced trafficking.
Specifically, the study will be devoted to find out the following of trafficked children:
to find out the health situation;
to find out the education situation;
to identify the trafficked child by ethnic/cast groups;
to identify the family relation situation;
to identify the economic situation of the trafficked children and their family;
to identify in which broader more serious trafficking is exist;
to identify the cause of trafficking, and identify how the conflict has played role on trafficking;
to identify and compare the vulnerable age- groups and sex in trafficking;
to identify the Recovery and Reintegration options for the trafficked child.
to identify the awareness of implementation situation of minimum standard of shelter homes.
3 Methodology of the Study
This study will be concerned with the study on consequences due to conflict on child, especially on child trafficking. The major assessment of this research will be were as follows:
Research Design: ‘Descriptive Survey Type Method’ will be adopted to conduct this research for convenience. Using this method, more items can be asked and more flexible but factual information can be gathered.
Population of the study: All the children who are trafficked or vulnerable on trafficking will be the population of the study.
Sample of the study: For the research, thirty trafficked children will be interviewed in each transit points or transit point located districts. Among them 20 will be girls and 10 will be boys. At least seventy percentages of sample child groups will be less than 15 years. As far as possible problem will be identified in inclusive way. One interview will be taken with police officer to query about the trafficking situation, cause and effect in transit point located districts. Five interviews will be taken with women cell or local clubs or NGOs or social workers or caregivers who are quite aware about the child trafficking in each transit points.
Instrument: The research team will develop questionnaire, regarded as the main tool of this study. The questionnaire will be constructed after the detailed study of related literature such as articles, documents, books, thesis related to child trafficking, and different legislation, rules, act related to children. The questionnaire will include items relating to the child trafficking, its cause, children’s family background educational status, caste/ethnic groups and so forth. The questionnaires will be developed in such a way that the cause of child trafficking could be identified easily. Such as, due to poor economic background, family problem, disruptions in family like alcoholism, cultural problems, or being of lower cast.
Validation of instrument: Before finalizing the instrument, the items will be piloting on any of the three transit points, 3 police officers, 3 currently acting groups or NGOs against the race of child trafficking eg Maiti-Nepal, CWIN, ABC-Nepal. Result of the pilot study will be analyzed and if necessary structured questionnaire and structured interview will be modified. One or two training will be given to the enumerators prior to the departure for the study. Enumerator team will be quite aware about the structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, structured-and semi-structured questionnaires model. A guideline will be developed to conduct case studies and dealing ideas with different people in the field.
Data collection procedure: While collecting data number and ratios of trafficked children will be recorded so that believable extrapolation is feasible. In depth scenario of trafficking situation in mentioned nine transit points will be identified. To meet this goal, structured questionnaire will be distributed to the individual at transit points and requested to fill for the questionnaire. To fill the questionnaires a purposive person will be chosen so that s/he is reasonably aware about the cause of child trafficking and the data can be gathered in factual way. For this talk about children, trafficking will be carried out with him/her before requesting to fill questionnaire. If need five days can be provided to fill the questionnaire. Beside questionnaire, optimum discussion, and unstructured interviews will also be taken. If children are literate and have more than primary education they also will provide to fill questionnaires. Otherwise, they will be interviewed in un-structured way. Structured interviews will be taken from police officers, social workers, different NGOs who are working against children trafficking or quite aware on this.
Data Analysis procedure for structured individual questionnaire: The obtained data will be analyzed and interpreted with the help of following statistical techniques:
Mean weightage will be used to locate the central position of the responses to the statements of problems as a whole in the rating scale. The average mean weightage is calculated as follows:
Mean weightage = Total Rank Score of a statement
No. of individual responses
The questionnaire consisting of 15 items to the various causes for the children trafficking. The areas of problems will be of different background for the children trafficking. Specifically, the questionnaire will be divided into five sections. The first section of the questionnaire will consist of the items related to the personal bio-data such as name, address, age, gender, education, family background, number of members in family, occupation of the family. The next will be the cause of trafficking. The cause of trafficking will be divided in to economic causes, cultural causes, and ethnic/cast related causes. The next will be what s/he doing or have to do after trafficking, that mean how s/he is passing time. The next will be what she wants from government, civil society, and peoples to do with him/her. Each statement will be studied in terms of reason for the children trafficking. The statistical device of t-test will be applied to find out whether the trafficking is because of conflict or by other reason. The differences will tested at the 5 % level of significance, i.e. α = 0.05
Statistical data analysis software SPSS will be adopted for the analysis of data.
Data managements and Analysis for Case Studies: Tape record version of data will be transcript. Translation in to English of the recorded version after expansion of the recorded noted will be carried out. ATLAS-TI computer software package will be used for the computer analysis of translated data.
HIV and AIDS
1.Introduction and background
Since third decade the HIV/AIDS has become an epedimic effect in the world. Either developed or under developed countries are not escaped from this epedemic. HIV is Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( HIV ) belongs to the family of retroviruses.
The usial routes of HIV transmission are through unprotected sex, blood to blood contact (including needle sharing and contaminated blood products ) and vertical transmission ( from mother to child, before, during and after birth ). Less common routes include tattooing, organ and tissue transplantation, artificial insemination and semi-invasive medical procedures. The most common of HIV transmission is sexual transmission at the genital mucosa accounting for up to 85 % of cases worldwide.
When first HIV case was found in America in 1985 the world enters the third decade of the AIDS epidemic, the evidence of its impact is unavoidable.In too many parts of the world the impact of AIDS is undoing development gains of the last three decades and contributing to social upheavel. The impact of AIDS will continue to increase if the response to date is taken as an indicator. During the year 2003 around 3 million people died as a result of AIDS and anestimated 5 million people acquired HIV. Nearly 40 million people are now living with HI/ AIDS. Of these 35.7 million are adults, 50 % (17.8 million ) are women, and 2.1 million are children under 15 years of age, about 95 % of new infections occur in developing countries.
Nepal also can not escape from this epedemic. The first case of HIV/AIDS in Nepal were reported in 1988. The surveillance date is scarce in Nepal. However, limited date indicate that HIV prevalence is currently around 0.5 % in the general population. It is estimated that the number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS are more then 70,000. For Nepal, a generalised epidemic with high mortality in the productive age group would start a " vicious circle. " The impact of HIV/AIDS would increase poverty and vulnerability. This increased vulnerability would lead to more HIV infections and a higher impact. Besides the negative impact on socio-economic development and the loss of productive life, the burden of disease would change dramatically over the next 10 years and would put further stress on the health sector and local communities.
Mobility has complex cases, ranging from economic and / or political reasons to forced displacement ( e.g.conflict, trafficking. ) Each of these mobile groups and their respective families are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS/STI in different ways.Economic migration, both internal and external, is not a new phenomenon in Nepal. Estimates range from 1.5 to 2.00 million nepali nationals, who work outside the country, 1 million are estimated to be in different parts of India alone. Although information is limited about the behaviour of labour migrants in their respective host countries, the assumption is that during their long absence from their families a considerable number of them become clants of SW. Recent studies among labour migrants revealed HIV sero-prevalence rate of between 2-10 % for migrants returning from Mumbai, India. An estimated 35 percent of the HIV-prevalence people in the region are women and girls, and the numbers are growing as a result of their socio-economic, cultural and biological vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
Janakpur is the district headquarter of Dhanush district.It lies on mid development region in flat land. Being a relegious place and adjoining with Indian border there is high mobility of the people within and outside of the country.Most of the people are illiterate and their awreness status including HIV/AIDS is very low. There is high vulnerability of adolcents and other family members are also in risk. The frequently movement of the people from rural part of the district are domisiling in the city areas for employment, displacement due to security purpose and educational purpose. The open border with India is also creating vulnerability to the migrants. Recently, the local youths are attracting in international labour service for lively hood. This project on HIV/AIDS with other activities will be a milestone on this endevour.
2.Project context
It is difficulty to find out the reliable data of migrant families. Officially there is no compulson to record the data. Both side from India and from rural part are not recorded. But the flow of the people due to be a district headquarter as well as the open border with India is high specially for pilgrimise purpose. Some families from rural part have high mobility for settlement in the cities areas. Due to those causes the urbanization of the Janakpur city is expanding. The modern facilities have attracting to youths for hi-fi life style and recreation centers have been increasing. Most of the Dalit within the city area are extermly poor and they are compaled to sex work for their family livelyhood. The ignorance due to illiteracy and poverty the sex work is flourishing day by day. Poor health facilities and not to be aware in health services are being hindrances to the people. The migrant people have no accessability on health services and IEC materials are not widely distributed.
The targeted people of this project are migrants and their families within and outside of the country. The migrants from hills are growing due to security, fasibility facilities and for the employment purpose. The motive of quick earning money and seeking for luxurious life style they may ready to do sexual activities. The charm in dance resturant is growing to youths and sexual activities are prevailed.
3.Communication message and formats
The communication message to those targeted people will dissiminate through docu-drama, pumplets, brouchers, print media like news papers and electronic media. The local language will be use in those communication message. The IEC materials which were produced by national governmental agency will be widely distributed. The co-ordination mechanism will be established with local government like DDC and municipality. Door to door campaign will be one of the strategy of communication message to the targeted people.
4.Strategy
The strategy of this project implementation will be followed by national policy of HIV/AIDS
Government of Nepal will give high priority to HIV/AIDS and STD prevention program.
HIV/AIDS and STD prevention activites will be conducted as multi sectoral program.
The activities will be implemented on the basis of decentralization.
The activities will be implemented through both govermental and nongovernmental sectors.
The activities will be co-ordinated followed up and evaluated in both governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
The activities will be integrated with other program both on governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
Safer sexual behaviour will be promoted.
Counseling and other services will be provided to PLWHA
Discrimination on the basis of HIV status will not be done.
Results of the blood test will be treated with confidently.
Reports of the blood test will be made available to NCASC
All the donated blood will be screened before transfusion.
This project followed the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and its guiding principle.
Multisectoral involvement
Broder political commitment
Involvement of civil society
Reduction of stigma and discrimination
Care and support and treatment
Human rights based approach
National HIV/AIDS strategy priority areas
Prevention of STI and HIV infections among vulnerable groups.
Prevention of new infections among young people.
Treatment care and support for HIV/AIDS infected and effected
Monitoring and evaluation through survellance and research
Developing effective management system for an expanded response.
The project strategy will be based on national strategy as mentioned below.
Imphasis will be given local resource ( physical and human ) mobilization.
Project activities will be conduct on the group basis.
Co-ordiation and networking with Gos and I/NGOs. The group formation of the target group will be hectrogenity and Homogenity basis.
Cost sharing basis / collaborating with stakeholders.
Healthy competation within targated groups
ON the basis of national guide line/ donors direction.
Ownership established within target groups of the activities for sustainability of the project.
5. Activities
The main activities of the project are as follows
Baseline survey :- This is the prime activity of this project. Baseline the picture of the existing condition of the targeted group. Proper need identification is one of the vital part of the project. The survey shows other important activities, peoples participation, resource mobilization, stakeholders analysis etc. So this activity will be performed at the iniciatial period of the project.
Target group identification :- On the basis of baseline survey target group identificatio is another activity of the project. This activity will be enected with the consultation of stakeholders. This process will make effective implementation of the various activities.
Group formation :-This activity is important because of the base for institutional setup. Ultimately, the comprises of various groups is the form of cooperatives. At the time of group formation the orientation will be provided to the group members.
Need identification :- This activity will be performed by the group members with the help of project authority or the experts. These experts only facilitated to the group members for selection of appropriate programs.
Seminnars with stake holders :- On the basis of baseline survey stakeholders seminnars will be fruitful for the success of the project.
Awareness campaign on HIV/AIDS, health care services, human rights etc.
Councelling services will be provided by health personnel to the group members.
Income Generating activities :- Will be conducted to group members on the basis of baseline survey.
Regular monitoring and evaluation mechanism will be setup and on the basis of indicators M&E will be conducted regularly.
Fage out of the project after the handed over the activities run by the group members as a formed cooperatives of the target group members.
6. Monitoring and evaluation
Regular monitoring of the activities is an important part of the project management. Monitoring mechanism should be effective which will be fixed with the consultation of experts and stakeholders.
Public monitoring method will be adopted and PRA, Problem Tree tools will be used. Indicators will be fixed with the discussion of target group members. Logical Frame Work will be on the basis of regular monitoring.
Since third decade the HIV/AIDS has become an epedimic effect in the world. Either developed or under developed countries are not escaped from this epedemic. HIV is Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( HIV ) belongs to the family of retroviruses.
The usial routes of HIV transmission are through unprotected sex, blood to blood contact (including needle sharing and contaminated blood products ) and vertical transmission ( from mother to child, before, during and after birth ). Less common routes include tattooing, organ and tissue transplantation, artificial insemination and semi-invasive medical procedures. The most common of HIV transmission is sexual transmission at the genital mucosa accounting for up to 85 % of cases worldwide.
When first HIV case was found in America in 1985 the world enters the third decade of the AIDS epidemic, the evidence of its impact is unavoidable.In too many parts of the world the impact of AIDS is undoing development gains of the last three decades and contributing to social upheavel. The impact of AIDS will continue to increase if the response to date is taken as an indicator. During the year 2003 around 3 million people died as a result of AIDS and anestimated 5 million people acquired HIV. Nearly 40 million people are now living with HI/ AIDS. Of these 35.7 million are adults, 50 % (17.8 million ) are women, and 2.1 million are children under 15 years of age, about 95 % of new infections occur in developing countries.
Nepal also can not escape from this epedemic. The first case of HIV/AIDS in Nepal were reported in 1988. The surveillance date is scarce in Nepal. However, limited date indicate that HIV prevalence is currently around 0.5 % in the general population. It is estimated that the number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS are more then 70,000. For Nepal, a generalised epidemic with high mortality in the productive age group would start a " vicious circle. " The impact of HIV/AIDS would increase poverty and vulnerability. This increased vulnerability would lead to more HIV infections and a higher impact. Besides the negative impact on socio-economic development and the loss of productive life, the burden of disease would change dramatically over the next 10 years and would put further stress on the health sector and local communities.
Mobility has complex cases, ranging from economic and / or political reasons to forced displacement ( e.g.conflict, trafficking. ) Each of these mobile groups and their respective families are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS/STI in different ways.Economic migration, both internal and external, is not a new phenomenon in Nepal. Estimates range from 1.5 to 2.00 million nepali nationals, who work outside the country, 1 million are estimated to be in different parts of India alone. Although information is limited about the behaviour of labour migrants in their respective host countries, the assumption is that during their long absence from their families a considerable number of them become clants of SW. Recent studies among labour migrants revealed HIV sero-prevalence rate of between 2-10 % for migrants returning from Mumbai, India. An estimated 35 percent of the HIV-prevalence people in the region are women and girls, and the numbers are growing as a result of their socio-economic, cultural and biological vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
Janakpur is the district headquarter of Dhanush district.It lies on mid development region in flat land. Being a relegious place and adjoining with Indian border there is high mobility of the people within and outside of the country.Most of the people are illiterate and their awreness status including HIV/AIDS is very low. There is high vulnerability of adolcents and other family members are also in risk. The frequently movement of the people from rural part of the district are domisiling in the city areas for employment, displacement due to security purpose and educational purpose. The open border with India is also creating vulnerability to the migrants. Recently, the local youths are attracting in international labour service for lively hood. This project on HIV/AIDS with other activities will be a milestone on this endevour.
2.Project context
It is difficulty to find out the reliable data of migrant families. Officially there is no compulson to record the data. Both side from India and from rural part are not recorded. But the flow of the people due to be a district headquarter as well as the open border with India is high specially for pilgrimise purpose. Some families from rural part have high mobility for settlement in the cities areas. Due to those causes the urbanization of the Janakpur city is expanding. The modern facilities have attracting to youths for hi-fi life style and recreation centers have been increasing. Most of the Dalit within the city area are extermly poor and they are compaled to sex work for their family livelyhood. The ignorance due to illiteracy and poverty the sex work is flourishing day by day. Poor health facilities and not to be aware in health services are being hindrances to the people. The migrant people have no accessability on health services and IEC materials are not widely distributed.
The targeted people of this project are migrants and their families within and outside of the country. The migrants from hills are growing due to security, fasibility facilities and for the employment purpose. The motive of quick earning money and seeking for luxurious life style they may ready to do sexual activities. The charm in dance resturant is growing to youths and sexual activities are prevailed.
3.Communication message and formats
The communication message to those targeted people will dissiminate through docu-drama, pumplets, brouchers, print media like news papers and electronic media. The local language will be use in those communication message. The IEC materials which were produced by national governmental agency will be widely distributed. The co-ordination mechanism will be established with local government like DDC and municipality. Door to door campaign will be one of the strategy of communication message to the targeted people.
4.Strategy
The strategy of this project implementation will be followed by national policy of HIV/AIDS
Government of Nepal will give high priority to HIV/AIDS and STD prevention program.
HIV/AIDS and STD prevention activites will be conducted as multi sectoral program.
The activities will be implemented on the basis of decentralization.
The activities will be implemented through both govermental and nongovernmental sectors.
The activities will be co-ordinated followed up and evaluated in both governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
The activities will be integrated with other program both on governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
Safer sexual behaviour will be promoted.
Counseling and other services will be provided to PLWHA
Discrimination on the basis of HIV status will not be done.
Results of the blood test will be treated with confidently.
Reports of the blood test will be made available to NCASC
All the donated blood will be screened before transfusion.
This project followed the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and its guiding principle.
Multisectoral involvement
Broder political commitment
Involvement of civil society
Reduction of stigma and discrimination
Care and support and treatment
Human rights based approach
National HIV/AIDS strategy priority areas
Prevention of STI and HIV infections among vulnerable groups.
Prevention of new infections among young people.
Treatment care and support for HIV/AIDS infected and effected
Monitoring and evaluation through survellance and research
Developing effective management system for an expanded response.
The project strategy will be based on national strategy as mentioned below.
Imphasis will be given local resource ( physical and human ) mobilization.
Project activities will be conduct on the group basis.
Co-ordiation and networking with Gos and I/NGOs. The group formation of the target group will be hectrogenity and Homogenity basis.
Cost sharing basis / collaborating with stakeholders.
Healthy competation within targated groups
ON the basis of national guide line/ donors direction.
Ownership established within target groups of the activities for sustainability of the project.
5. Activities
The main activities of the project are as follows
Baseline survey :- This is the prime activity of this project. Baseline the picture of the existing condition of the targeted group. Proper need identification is one of the vital part of the project. The survey shows other important activities, peoples participation, resource mobilization, stakeholders analysis etc. So this activity will be performed at the iniciatial period of the project.
Target group identification :- On the basis of baseline survey target group identificatio is another activity of the project. This activity will be enected with the consultation of stakeholders. This process will make effective implementation of the various activities.
Group formation :-This activity is important because of the base for institutional setup. Ultimately, the comprises of various groups is the form of cooperatives. At the time of group formation the orientation will be provided to the group members.
Need identification :- This activity will be performed by the group members with the help of project authority or the experts. These experts only facilitated to the group members for selection of appropriate programs.
Seminnars with stake holders :- On the basis of baseline survey stakeholders seminnars will be fruitful for the success of the project.
Awareness campaign on HIV/AIDS, health care services, human rights etc.
Councelling services will be provided by health personnel to the group members.
Income Generating activities :- Will be conducted to group members on the basis of baseline survey.
Regular monitoring and evaluation mechanism will be setup and on the basis of indicators M&E will be conducted regularly.
Fage out of the project after the handed over the activities run by the group members as a formed cooperatives of the target group members.
6. Monitoring and evaluation
Regular monitoring of the activities is an important part of the project management. Monitoring mechanism should be effective which will be fixed with the consultation of experts and stakeholders.
Public monitoring method will be adopted and PRA, Problem Tree tools will be used. Indicators will be fixed with the discussion of target group members. Logical Frame Work will be on the basis of regular monitoring.
Nepalese social values and Ideas
In recent times Nepalese social values and ideals have been slowly eroded with the introduction of materialistic culture which has shaken the foundation of the Nepalese culture and joint family system. Consequently, lot of our elderly people or senior citizens are, today bound to lead lonely and solitary life because of the fact that neither their off-springs nor the government take any adequate responsibility to take care in their hour of need. However, as a silver living there are a few old age homes run by publicly with some support as of the available resources of the government. But this support is quite limited and grossly inadequate to cater to needs of all the elderly people in Nepal.
As the census of 2001, in Nepal 6.5% of the total population elderly people are living with facing the several problems. Culturally they are respected by the family members and the society but due to the imitation of the western's way of living nuclear family structure especially in the urban centers elders are suffering from various obstacles. The government of Nepal has focused on the elders since 9the plan period. In this plan policy has been formulated regarding elderly people, record maintained for people obtaining monthly allowance, conducting of model houses for elderly people, and discount given for health care services and air transport services. The major obstacles of the Ninth Plan were shortage of appropriate budget, lack of required laws and lack of coordination between working policy and works. The long term approach for the elderly people is making the life easy, secured and respectful by utilizing their knowledge, skills and experience for social and economic development. The recent 10th five year plan also has given the continuation of the ninth five year plan. Different activities have been formulated for the execution in the different parts of the country. The government has given the priority to the private sector for the program implementation.
In relation of the government policies on elders, the positive effects have been seen in the society in this day. The community participation has been growing up with the help of NGO's and civil societies.
Various training programs will be helpful to boost-up the healthy condition of the elders of this country. The interaction between participants and experts will be very beneficial for the program formulation, execution and monitoring and evaluation related to elders.
As the census of 2001, in Nepal 6.5% of the total population elderly people are living with facing the several problems. Culturally they are respected by the family members and the society but due to the imitation of the western's way of living nuclear family structure especially in the urban centers elders are suffering from various obstacles. The government of Nepal has focused on the elders since 9the plan period. In this plan policy has been formulated regarding elderly people, record maintained for people obtaining monthly allowance, conducting of model houses for elderly people, and discount given for health care services and air transport services. The major obstacles of the Ninth Plan were shortage of appropriate budget, lack of required laws and lack of coordination between working policy and works. The long term approach for the elderly people is making the life easy, secured and respectful by utilizing their knowledge, skills and experience for social and economic development. The recent 10th five year plan also has given the continuation of the ninth five year plan. Different activities have been formulated for the execution in the different parts of the country. The government has given the priority to the private sector for the program implementation.
In relation of the government policies on elders, the positive effects have been seen in the society in this day. The community participation has been growing up with the help of NGO's and civil societies.
Various training programs will be helpful to boost-up the healthy condition of the elders of this country. The interaction between participants and experts will be very beneficial for the program formulation, execution and monitoring and evaluation related to elders.
Gender mainstreaming in policy level
1.Introduction
The task for gender mainstreaming is a difficult job of which it has wide coverage including empowerment of women. Like wise the empowerment also has wide coverage in socio-economic and cultural aspects related to humanbeing of the country. In most of the country of the world this issue has been emerging since one and half decade back due to the globilization effect. The empowerment is essential for either men or women in every step of life making gender equality and the overall motto of humanbeing is to survive with betterment in due course of life . This could create by community/ society in micro level and the ultimate responsibility is of the nation in macro level. The demonstration effect would be touchy to every humanbeing in the coure of life time. Like wise, the practices of the society may response by the society members either he may be agreable or denied by his enstinct. The hectogenity nature of the society members influences and accept its practices which some how may be superstitious nature. The role of the society member has equal importance for betterment of his life and ultimately he invlolves for common interest which should match to each others. The state is the common contract of the society in macro level and it has crucial role for easy and happly life style of the country men. The social justice is the natural rights of the people which should manage by the state. The proper and equtable distribution of benefits are demanding by the countrymen and the state should always aware for equal distribution of benefit through effective mechanism. The policy formulation is the proper mechanism of the state and this can be regulated by rules and regulations. The social practices have long history and people have experiences on the practical use of life. In the coure of life the society has divided the role of men and women in different activities in household and outwards in the communities. It has created the division of role and responsibilities between men and women. This contineous practices took the path of domination to women in the society as a "petrioric" supermacy. This is the continuation of ill practices until this time period and consequently created gender imbalanced and hampered for the balance development of the country. Nepal is also not separated with this exclusion problem of women for involvement in the national development of the country.
Nepal has cultural, economic and social variations and domiciles are in different topographical areas of the country. The physical facilities are not reached in remote areas and more then 85 percent of the people live in rural areas.There is lack of education, economic poverty, some social ill practices and belief in superstitions. The main focus by the state should be in those areas. The present situation of the state policies are not completely address in those areas by the state but existing policies, rules and regulations are prevailed. The is urgently needed programs expansion to empower women in the field of economic aspect, capacity buildup of staffs as well as in the field of institutional strengthein.
2.Situational analysis
There is greater need for gender equality to achieve the goal of poverty allevation. Since the subject matter of women is related to the human development, it is not just confined to one ministry but to all area wise ministries. The policy of mainstreaming gender has not been implemented as the strategy on the national working policy of gender equality and women empowerment has not been incorporated in the sectoral objectives and area wise ministries.
· The state investment in sectors of social development are declining due to economic instability.
· The violence and exploitations against women vary with religion, caste , class and upon geographical locations. Special consideration should be given to women who are dalit, rural and poor.
· Women are devoied from the hold and reach of poperty due to gender biased in allocation of resources, male domination in decision making, unequal distribution of wage rate, lack of technical and economic assistance to women enterpreneurs, among others. This has also obstructed in the economic empowerment of women.
· The literacy rate of women is very dismal and school curricula is gender biased.
· The women related health matters are not given due attention, however, there is the tendency of treating women once they become ill.As a consiquence, the maternal mortality rate is very high in Nepal. Women have been more affected by HIV/AIDS.
We visualize low participation of women in various aspects then men. This indicates that the need of women empowerment through gender responsive policies and programs should improve by the state. This could support by positive discrimination policies reform and activate the policies in various sectors properly and need to make it functional.
3. Problems and challenges faced whild implementting subject wise policy
-Diffficulty in gender mainstreaming of the fact that the subject of women development and empowerment are important part of children,family, society and nation as a whole.
-Not able to incorporate the gender subject matter in policies and programs.
-Policy formulation, program implementation, monitoring and evaluation are not as per political commitment, and no co-ordination between the inter-related agencies.
-Limitation of physical resources.
-Lack of institutional strengthening
-Lack of capacity build-up of staffs.
The task for gender mainstreaming is a difficult job of which it has wide coverage including empowerment of women. Like wise the empowerment also has wide coverage in socio-economic and cultural aspects related to humanbeing of the country. In most of the country of the world this issue has been emerging since one and half decade back due to the globilization effect. The empowerment is essential for either men or women in every step of life making gender equality and the overall motto of humanbeing is to survive with betterment in due course of life . This could create by community/ society in micro level and the ultimate responsibility is of the nation in macro level. The demonstration effect would be touchy to every humanbeing in the coure of life time. Like wise, the practices of the society may response by the society members either he may be agreable or denied by his enstinct. The hectogenity nature of the society members influences and accept its practices which some how may be superstitious nature. The role of the society member has equal importance for betterment of his life and ultimately he invlolves for common interest which should match to each others. The state is the common contract of the society in macro level and it has crucial role for easy and happly life style of the country men. The social justice is the natural rights of the people which should manage by the state. The proper and equtable distribution of benefits are demanding by the countrymen and the state should always aware for equal distribution of benefit through effective mechanism. The policy formulation is the proper mechanism of the state and this can be regulated by rules and regulations. The social practices have long history and people have experiences on the practical use of life. In the coure of life the society has divided the role of men and women in different activities in household and outwards in the communities. It has created the division of role and responsibilities between men and women. This contineous practices took the path of domination to women in the society as a "petrioric" supermacy. This is the continuation of ill practices until this time period and consequently created gender imbalanced and hampered for the balance development of the country. Nepal is also not separated with this exclusion problem of women for involvement in the national development of the country.
Nepal has cultural, economic and social variations and domiciles are in different topographical areas of the country. The physical facilities are not reached in remote areas and more then 85 percent of the people live in rural areas.There is lack of education, economic poverty, some social ill practices and belief in superstitions. The main focus by the state should be in those areas. The present situation of the state policies are not completely address in those areas by the state but existing policies, rules and regulations are prevailed. The is urgently needed programs expansion to empower women in the field of economic aspect, capacity buildup of staffs as well as in the field of institutional strengthein.
2.Situational analysis
There is greater need for gender equality to achieve the goal of poverty allevation. Since the subject matter of women is related to the human development, it is not just confined to one ministry but to all area wise ministries. The policy of mainstreaming gender has not been implemented as the strategy on the national working policy of gender equality and women empowerment has not been incorporated in the sectoral objectives and area wise ministries.
· The state investment in sectors of social development are declining due to economic instability.
· The violence and exploitations against women vary with religion, caste , class and upon geographical locations. Special consideration should be given to women who are dalit, rural and poor.
· Women are devoied from the hold and reach of poperty due to gender biased in allocation of resources, male domination in decision making, unequal distribution of wage rate, lack of technical and economic assistance to women enterpreneurs, among others. This has also obstructed in the economic empowerment of women.
· The literacy rate of women is very dismal and school curricula is gender biased.
· The women related health matters are not given due attention, however, there is the tendency of treating women once they become ill.As a consiquence, the maternal mortality rate is very high in Nepal. Women have been more affected by HIV/AIDS.
We visualize low participation of women in various aspects then men. This indicates that the need of women empowerment through gender responsive policies and programs should improve by the state. This could support by positive discrimination policies reform and activate the policies in various sectors properly and need to make it functional.
3. Problems and challenges faced whild implementting subject wise policy
-Diffficulty in gender mainstreaming of the fact that the subject of women development and empowerment are important part of children,family, society and nation as a whole.
-Not able to incorporate the gender subject matter in policies and programs.
-Policy formulation, program implementation, monitoring and evaluation are not as per political commitment, and no co-ordination between the inter-related agencies.
-Limitation of physical resources.
-Lack of institutional strengthening
-Lack of capacity build-up of staffs.
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